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Klondike (North America) or Canfield (traditional)[1] is a patience game (solitairecard game). In the U.S. and Canada, Klondike is the best-known solitaire card game, to the point that the term 'solitaire', in the absence of additional qualifiers, typically refers to Klondike. Equally in the UK, it is often just known as 'patience'.[1] Meanwhile, elsewhere the game is known as American Patience.[2] The game rose to fame in the late 19th century, being named 'Klondike' after the Canadian region where a gold rush happened. It is rumored that the game was either created or popularized by the prospectors in Klondike.[3][4]
Rules[edit]
A Klondike computer game (part of GNOME).
Video demonstration of playing solitaire.
Klondike[a][5] is played with a standard 52-card deck, without Jokers. After shuffling, a tableau of seven fanned piles of cards are laid from left to right. From left to right, each pile contains one more card than the last. The first and left-most pile contains a single upturned card, the second pile contains two cards (one downturned, one upturned), the third contains three (two downturned, one upturned), and so on, until the seventh pile which contains seven cards (six downturned, one upturned). The topmost card of each pile is turned face up. The remaining cards form the stock are placed facedown at the upper left of the layout.
The four foundations (light rectangles in the upper right of the figure) are built up by suit from Ace (low in this game) to King, and the tableau piles can be built down by alternate colors. Every face-up card in a partial pile, or a complete pile, can be moved, as a unit, to another tableau pile on the basis of their highest card. Any empty piles can be filled with a King, or a pile of cards with a King. The aim of the game is to build up four stacks of cards starting with Ace and ending with King, all of the same suit, on one of the four foundations, at which time the player would have won.There are different ways of dealing the remainder of the deck from the stock to the waste, including the following:
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If the player can no longer make any meaningful moves, the game is considered lost. At this point, winning is impossible.
Probability of winning[edit]
A lost game of Klondike. The stock is shown at the upper-left. The upper section of the Tableau shows downturned cards, and the lower section shows the upturned cards. Except the 2â¥, no cards can be moved.
For a standard game of Klondike, drawing three cards at a time and placing no limit on the number of re-deals, the number of possible hands is over 8Ã1067, or an 8 followed by 67 zeros. About 79% of the games are theoretically winnable,[6] but in practice, human players do not win 79% of games played, due to wrong moves that cause the game to become unwinnable. If one allows cards from the foundation to be moved back to the tableau, then between 82% and 91.5% are theoretically winnable.[7] Note that these results depend on complete knowledge of the positions of all 52 cards, which a player does not possess. Another recent study has found the Draw 3, Re-Deal Infinite to have an 83.6% win rate after 1000 random games were solved by a computer solver.[8] The issue is that a wrong move cannot be known in advance whenever more than one move is possible. The number of games a skilled player can probabilistically expect to win is at least 43%.[6] In addition, some games are 'unplayable' in which no cards can be moved to the foundations even at the start of the game; these occur in only 0.25% (1 in 400) of hands dealt.[9][10][11]
There are four types of hands: winnable games, theoretically winnable lost games (the player made a selection that resulted in a lost game, but could not know what the correct selection was because the relevant cards were hidden), unwinnable games (there is no selection that leads to a winning result), and unplayable games.[9]
There is a modified version of the game called 'Thoughtful Solitaire', in which the identity of all 52 cards is known. Because the only difference between the two games (Klondike and Thoughtful) is the knowledge of card location, all Thoughtful games with solutions will also have solutions in Klondike. Similarly, all dead-ends in Thoughtful will be dead ends in Klondike.[7] However, the theoretical odds of winning a standard game of non-Thoughtful Klondike are currently not known exactly. The inability of theoreticians to precisely calculate these odds has been referred to by mathematician Persi Diaconis as 'one of the embarrassments of applied probability'.[12]
Scoring[edit]
Standard scoring in the Windows Solitaire game is determined as follows:[13]
Moving cards directly from the Waste stack to a Foundation awards 10 points. However, if the card is first moved to a Tableau, and then to a Foundation, then an extra 5 points are received for a total of 15. Thus in order to receive a maximum score, no cards should be moved directly from the Waste to Foundation.
Time can also play a factor in Windows Solitaire, if the Timed game option is selected. For every 10 seconds of play, 2 points are taken away. Bonus points are calculated with the formula of 700,000 / (seconds to finish) if the game takes more than 30 seconds. If the game takes less than 30 seconds, no bonus points are awarded.
Variations[edit]Single 52-card deck[edit]
Below are some variations of the game of Klondike:
Tarot deck[edit]
The game can be played with a Tarot-style 78-card deck (such as a Tarot Nouveau). There are two ways of doing this. Each has nine increasing tableau stacks.
Computerized versions[edit]
See also[edit]References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klondike_(solitaire)&oldid=896185737'
Solitaire is a computer game included with Microsoft Windows, based on a card game of the same name, also known as Klondike.
History[edit]
Microsoft Solitaire Collection on Windows 10, in Klondike mode
Microsoft has included the game as part of its Windows product line since Windows 3.0, starting from 1990.[1] The game was developed in 1989 by the intern Wes Cherry.[2][3][4] The card deck itself was designed by Macintosh pioneer Susan Kare.[5]
Microsoft intended Solitaire 'to soothe people intimidated by the operating system,' and at a time where many users were still unfamiliar with graphical user interfaces, it proved useful in familiarizing them with the use of a mouse, such as the drag-and-drop technique required for moving cards.[1]
According to Microsoft telemetry, Solitaire was among the three most-used Windows programs and FreeCell was seventh, ahead of Word and Microsoft Excel.[6][6] Lost business productivity by employees playing Solitaire has become a common concern since it became standard on Microsoft Windows.[7] In 2006, a New York City worker was fired after Mayor Michael Bloomberg saw the Solitaire game on the man's office computer.[8]
In October 2012, along with the release of the Windows 8 operating system, Microsoft released a new version of Solitaire called Microsoft Solitaire Collection.[9] This version, designed by Microsoft Studios and developed by Arkadium, is advertisement supported, and introduced many new features to the game.
Microsoft Solitaire celebrated its 25th anniversary on May 18, 2015. To celebrate this event, Microsoft hosted a Solitaire tournament on the Microsoft campus and broadcast the main event on Twitch.[10]
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Features[edit]
Since Windows 3.0, Solitaire allows selecting the design on the back of the cards, choosing whether one or three cards are drawn from the deck at a time, switching between Vegas scoring and Standard scoring, and disabling scoring entirely. The game can also be timed for additional points if the game is won. There is a cheat that will allow drawing one card at a time when 'draw three' is set.
In Windows 2000 and later versions of Solitaire, right-clicking on open spaces automatically moves available cards to the four foundations in the upper right-hand corner, as in Freecell. If the mouse pointer is on a card, a right click will move only that card to its foundation, provided that it is a possible move. Left double-clicking will also move the card to the proper foundation.
Until the Windows XP version, the card backs were the original works designed by Susan Kare, and many were animated.
The Windows Vista and Windows 7 versions of the game save statistics on the number and percentage of games won, and allow users to save incomplete games and to choose cards with different face styles.
On Windows 8, Windows 10, Windows Phone, Android, and online the game was issued as Microsoft Solitaire Collection, where in addition to Klondike four other game modes were featured, Spider, FreeCell (both of which had been previously featured in versions of Windows as Microsoft Spider Solitaire and Microsoft FreeCell), Pyramid, and TriPeaks (both of which were previously part of the Microsoft Entertainment Pack series, the former under the name Tut's Tomb).
Dolby digital sound. Websites that use it should feature detect on the format and be prepared to stream alternative audio formats on systems that donât support Dolby Audio.
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Solitaire&oldid=891292087'
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